JLPT N4 Grammar - Page 6

Study JLPT N4 grammar patterns

かな
•
I wonder; could it be?
Usage Context: Used in casual speech to express uncertainty or when pondering something.
Formation: Used at the end of a sentence with verbs, adjectives, or nouns to express the speaker's uncertain...
し
•
~shi
Usage Context: Used to give multiple reasons or list related statements in informal speech.
Formation: Verb (plain form) + し / い-adjective (plain form) + し / な-adjective + だし / Noun + だし
こと
•
Nominalizer
Usage Context: Used to turn verbs into nouns when referring to activities or facts.
Formation: Verb (dictionary form) + こと
られる
•
Passive voice
Usage Context: Used to indicate an action being done to the subject or to describe something beyond the subject's control.
Formation: Verb in passive form: Group 1 - Change the final う to あ + れる, Group 2 - Remove る and add られる, Gro...
させられる
•
To be made to do something
Usage Context: Used when discussing situations where someone is made to do something against their will or reluctantly.
Formation: Verb in the causative passive form. Typically derived from the causative form of the verb by addi...
と聞いた
•
I heard that; I was told that
Usage Context: Used to report what you heard or were told by someone else.
Formation: Verb (dictionary form) + と聞いた; Noun + だ + と聞いた; い-adjective + と聞いた; な-adjective + だ + と聞いた
ていた
•
I was doing; past continuous form
Usage Context: Used to describe an action that was happening at a specific past time or a past habit.
Formation: Verb (て-form) + いた
受身形
•
Passive voice; passive form
Usage Context: Used to express actions that happen to the subject, often when the subject is the recipient of an action rather than ...
Formation: For godan verbs: change the last character u to a and add れる. For ichidan verbs: remove る and add...
後で
•
after doing
Usage Context: Used to describe sequential actions, where one occurs after the completion of another.
Formation: Verb (た-form) + 後で
場合は
•
In the case of; in the event of
Usage Context: 場合は is used to talk about specific situations or conditions and their potential outcomes.
Formation: Verb (casual form) + 場合は / Noun + の + 場合は / な-adjective + な + 場合は / い-adjective + 場合は
ございます
•
to be; to exist (polite form)
Usage Context: Used commonly in customer service and formal settings to show politeness.
Formation: Typically used with nouns to indicate polite existence or presence.
ことになる
•
It has been decided that; it turns out that
Usage Context: Used to indicate a decision has been made or to express an indirect outcome.
Formation: Verb (dictionary form) + ことになる
ことにする
•
To decide to do something
Usage Context: Used when someone has made a decision to perform an action.
Formation: Verb (dictionary form) + ことにする
なかなか〇〇ない
•
Not easily; hardly
Usage Context: Used to express difficulty in achieving something or that something takes longer than expected.
Formation: V-ない form
てしまう or ちゃう
•
To end up doing; to do by accident
Usage Context: Used to express the completion of an action or an unintended action.
Formation: Verb て-form + しまう
だけでなく
•
Not only ... but also; as well as
Usage Context: Used when emphasizing that something is true about multiple subjects or actions.
Formation: Noun + だけでなく + Noun; Verb + だけでなく + Verb; な-adjective + な + だけでなく; い-adjective + だけでなく
がる or がっている
•
To show signs of; to appear to feel
Usage Context: Used to describe when someone other than the speaker shows signs of feeling an emotion or desire.
Formation: Adjective (i-form) (minus the 'い') + がる/がっている
（の）頃
•
(At the time of)
Usage Context: Used to refer to a general time period associated with a noun.
Formation: Noun + の + 頃
の中で
•
Among; Within
Usage Context: Used to talk about something being among or within a certain group or range.
Formation: Noun + の中で
さすが
•
As expected; indeed
Usage Context: Used when acknowledging something impressive or admirable about an expected outcome.
Formation: さすが + noun/verb/adjective
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